Introduction: Political Repression in Bahrain in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Century -- Defining Political Repression -- The Repression Playbook -- Political Statecraft: Between Democratization, Discord and Division -- Torture, Arrests and Other Personal Integrity Violations -- Repressive Law and Legal Repression -- Information Controls: From Surveillance to Social Media and Fake News -- Conclusion: Between Retrograde Repression and Repression.
This paper, as its primary task, makes a case for a new conceptualization of political repression to take into account the experiences of women. The secondary task is to demonstrate that the new conception is operational. After establishing the characteristics of repression that are essentially the ill fate of women, the author coded reports from two sources into numerical data for fifty-seven country cases. Using this preliminary data on women's repression both in correlation and regression analyses, this research tests two counterpoised hypotheses, one claiming women's empowerment leads governments to choose repression and the other is that women's weakness allows repression. The results are promising but represent only a beginning. This study should encourage governments and human rights NGOs to collect more substantial reports on the repression of women.
Dividing the concept of population pressures into a measure for population size (population density [PD]) & a rate of growth variable (natural increase [NI]), statistical data for 150+ countries are analyzed to investigate the impact of population pressures on political repression. Results indicate that only NI induced goverments to use political repression. Even after control variables were introduced into the regression models, NI remained important. It is concluded that the growing world population, especially in Third World countries, can be expected to intensify repression. 2 Tables, 45 References. Adapted from the source document.
This article analyses socio-biographical characteristics of the Leningrad State University (LGU) teaching staff, subjected to political repressions from 1935 to 1938. It determines the scale of repressions in LGU during the abovementioned period as well as identifies the groups of University teachers who were exposed to the highest risk of being repressed, taking into consideration their social background, party membership, ethnic origin, position in the University ranks, affiliation with a certain faculty or department, and other socio-biographical characteristics. Thus "socio-demographic portrait" of an average LGU teacher subjected to political repressions is formed within the framework of the current study. Apart from that, the article discusses the course of investigation and court proceedings, defining under which paragraph of Article 58 of RSFSR Criminal Code LGU teachers were sued. It specifies to what extent the severity of the verdict depended upon pleading guilty or not guilty by the accused, and upon which judicial or extrajudicial body the case was heard. Evidential basis used by investigators, including physical evidence, denunciations, incriminations and self-incriminations are also examined within this study. The efforts of NKVD to "reclassify" meetings between groups of fellow professors as "counterrevolutionary collusions of terrorists" are also considered in the article. At the same time, the article attempts to estimate the level of physical and psychological pressure to which suspects were exposed in the course of the trial in order to obtain from them the testimony needed for the prosecution. The study also traces the fate of the convicted LGU professors, namely the likelihood of them becoming the victims of subsequent political repressions after serving the sentence.
